What method uses chemical agents to disperse or break up substances in a liquid spill on water?

The method that utilizes chemical agents to disperse or break up substances in a liquid spill on water is known as dispersion. This process involves applying surfactants or dispersants that reduce the surface tension between the oil or contaminant and the water. As a result, the chemical agents help to break the contaminants into smaller droplets, allowing them to mix more readily with water and facilitating their breakdown by natural processes or making them easier to remove during cleanup operations.

Dispersion is particularly effective in maritime environments where oil spills occur, as it enhances the natural dispersion of the contaminant and minimizes its impact on marine ecosystems. This method contrasts with other techniques, which may not address the immediate need to mix the contaminant thoroughly with the water or may focus on other aspects of spill management, such as containment or removal.